Anatomy (from the Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open.) is a branch of biology Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy and medicine Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Before scientific medicine, healing arts were practised in accordance with alchemical treatments and ritual practices that developed out of religious and cultural traditions that is the consideration of the structure of living things A body plan is essentially the blueprint for the way the body of an organism is laid out. An organism's symmetry, its number of body segments and number of limbs are all aspects of its body plan. One of the key issues of developmental biology is the evolution of body plans as different as those of a starfish, a fern, or a mammal, from a common. It is a general term that includes human anatomy Human anatomy , which, with human physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. While originally it included plant morphology, which is the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, since the mid-20th century the investigation of plant anatomy is considered a separate, distinct field, and refers to just (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage. After cleavage, the dividing cells, or morula, becomes a hollow ball, or blastula, which develops a hole or pore at one end, comparative anatomy Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny and comparative embryology In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. The term phylogenetics is of Greek origin from the terms phyle/phylon (φυλή/φῦλον), meaning "tribe, race," and genetikos (γενετικός,[1] through common roots in evolution Evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations. After a population splits into smaller groups, these groups evolve independently and may eventually diversify into new species. Ultimately, life is descended from a common ancestory through a long series of these speciation events,.
Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye.[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes A microscope is an instrument to see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope, which includes histology Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining a thin slice (section) of tissue under a light microscope or electron microscope. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains (the study of the organization of tissues),[1] and cytology Cell biology is an academic discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled (the study of cells).
The history of anatomy The history of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. It has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. The field of Human Anatomy has a has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs In biology and anatomy, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals Animals are a major group of mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals are also through dissection of cadavers A cadaver, corpse or lich is a dead human body. The Latin term cadaver is normally used for a body being used in medical training or research, leading to the popular expression "Classroom Corpse" (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI imaging.
Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology Anatomical pathology or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy) (also called morbid anatomy or histopathology Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. In), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal disfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases organs In biology and anatomy, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
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Superficial anatomy
Superficial anatomy Superficial anatomy is a descriptive science dealing with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting an organism. In particular, in the case of human superficial anatomy, these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying or veterinary surgeons A veterinary surgeon is a veterinarian qualified in the UK and several other Commonwealth countries. In the UK, veterinary surgeons are regulated by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons or RCVS. The legislation affecting the activity of UK veterinary surgeons and of the RCVS is the Veterinary Surgeons Act of 1966 gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
Human anatomy
Main article: Human anatomy Human anatomy , which, with human physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of Para-sagittal MRI Magnetic resonance imaging , or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. MRI provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making scan of the head An X-ray X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 × 1016 Hz to 3 × 1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays. In many of a human chest The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. It is sometimes referred to as the thorax. Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Gray's Anatomy Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly shortened to Gray's Anatomy, by Henry Gray, is an English-language human anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on the subject.Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy Human anatomy , which, with human physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology In biology "morphology" is the study of the form, structure and configuration of an organism. This includes aspects of the outward appearance [citation needed] as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function of the adult human Humans are a species of animal known taxonomically as Homo sapiens , and are the only extant member of the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. However, in some cases "human" is used to refer to any member of the genus Homo body.[1]
Generally, students of certain biological sciences Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy, paramedics A paramedic is a medical professional, usually working as part of the emergency medical services provision in a given area. Their primary role is to provide pre-hospital advanced medical and trauma care, followed, where appropriate, by transfer to definitive care. Although most paramedics are field based in ambulances or response cars, some may, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists Physical therapy is a health profession that assesses and provides treatment to individuals to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and function throughout life. This includes providing treatment in circumstances where movement and function are threatened by aging, injury, disease or environmental factors, occupational therapy Occupational therapy promotes health by enabling people to perform meaningful and purposeful occupations. These include work, leisure, self care, domestic and community activities. Occupational therapists work with individuals, families, groups and communities to facilitate health and well-being through engagement or re-engagement in occupation, nurses A nurse is a healthcare professional who, in collaboration with other members of a health care team, is responsible for: treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill individuals; health promotion and maintenance within families, communities and populations; and, treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health, and medical students A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO- learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining a thin slice (section) of tissue under a light microscope or electron microscope. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope A microscope is an instrument to see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of dissection In the past, anatomization of the body of a convicted person was sometimes ordered as part of the punisment. It happened in 1805 in Massechusetts to James Halligan and Dominic Daley after their public hanging. The bodies were taken to the local slaughterhouse. Their remains were denied a burial and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).
Human anatomy Human anatomy , which, with human physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of, physiology Physiology is the science of the functioning of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις and biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Over the last 40 years biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly shortened to Gray's Anatomy, by Henry Gray, is an English-language human anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on the subject, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,[2][3] in line with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying, especially surgeons Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, and sometimes for religious reasons. An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. In and radiology Radiologists are physicians that utilize an array of imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, computed tomography , nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the.
Academic Academia, Acadème, or the Academy are collective terms for the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.
Other branches
- Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.[1]
- Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.
- Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
See also
General anatomy:
- Anatomical terms of location
- Body plan
- Foundational Model of Anatomy
- History of anatomy
- Important publications in anatomy
- List of anatomical topics
- Superficial anatomy
- Cat anatomy
- Fish anatomy
- Bird anatomy
- Spider anatomy
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918". http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012104507/http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
References
External links
| At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Anatomy at: The Department of Anatomy |
- Online anatomy atlas
- Get Body Smart
- Anatomy Atlases — a digital library of anatomy information
- Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
- Anatomy of the Human Body Gray, Henry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918
- High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
- Anatomy Mnemonics Mnemonics in Anatomy.
- Anatomy in the 16th century studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.
- 19th Century Anatomy Lesson Animated dissection following Gray's Anatomy
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Categories: Anatomy | Subjects taught in medical school | Greek loanwords
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Fri, 16 Jul 2010 10:58:55 GMT+00:00
Just Jared (blog) The 28-year-old Grey's Anatomy actor is featured in the August 2010 issue of Ebony on the Stars Who Bring the Heat list. Other stars who made the list ...
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Mon, 26 Jul 2010 11:19:59 GM
Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound . Anatomy. Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound . Anatomy. Cambridge University Press (January 25, 2010) | ISBN:
Q. I'm looking into getting a clit piercing. I heard that a girl needs to have a "good anatomy" to get a clit piercing so nothing goes wrong. I was wondering that, and on a scale of 1-10 if it hurts. Just tell me what you know. Thank you.
Asked by Natalia S - Thu Dec 4 20:41:21 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. A good piercer will be able to tell you if your anatomy is able to accommodate a piercing of that nature so it would be best to talk to them and they would be able to tell you about the pain levels as they will have witnessed it before.
Answered by Mistress Sara - Sun Dec 7 07:10:46 2008
